MTHFR Genetic Testing: Functional Interpretation of C677T and A1298C in Context
MTHFR is the most over-interpreted SNP in functional medicine. This guide covers C677T and A1298C variants, residual enzyme activity, why a result is incomplete without homocysteine, B12 and folate, and how to separate genuine signal from wellness-industry hype.
13 min read
PSA Optimal Ranges: Age-Adjusted Targets, Free:Total Ratio, and What Standard Cutoffs Miss
PSA interpretation is more than a single number against a 4.0 ng/mL cutoff. This guide covers age-adjusted reference ranges, free:total PSA ratio, PSA density and velocity, the confounders that distort results, and why a single value is rarely diagnostic on its own.
12 min read
Comprehensive Lipid Panel: HDL, LDL, Triglycerides and the Functional Targets Standard Ranges Miss
A research-themed walkthrough of the standard lipid panel — HDL, LDL (calculated and direct), triglycerides, non-HDL and VLDL — comparing conventional Australian reference ranges to functional optimal targets, and positioning the panel against ApoB and Lp(a).
10 min read
Kidney Function Panel: eGFR, Creatinine, Cystatin C, and ACR Interpretation
A research-themed walkthrough of the Australian kidney function panel — serum creatinine and the race-free CKD-EPI 2021 eGFR, urea, cystatin C, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio — comparing functional optimal targets with CKD G1–G5 staging and the major confounders that distort the numbers.
12 min read
How to Interpret Blood Test Results: The Complete Australian Biomarker Guide
A practical guide to reading and interpreting your Australian blood test results — CBC, metabolic panel, hormones, thyroid, and inflammation markers — with functional optimal ranges beyond lab normals.
18 min read
Homocysteine: The Cardiovascular and Cognitive Risk Marker Most Panels Miss
Elevated homocysteine is an independent cardiovascular and dementia risk factor — and a direct readout of B vitamin status and methylation capacity. This guide covers optimal ranges, the methylation connection, MTHFR variants, and evidence-based interventions.
17 min read
CBC Blood Test Optimal Ranges: Beyond Normal — What Australian Lab Values Actually Mean
Understand your CBC blood test results using functional optimal ranges, not just lab normals. Australian units throughout — haemoglobin in g/L, WBC and platelets in 10⁹/L. Covers WBC differential, RBC, MCV, MCH, haematocrit, and platelets.
15 min read
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB): The Cardiovascular Risk Marker Your Doctor May Not Be Ordering
ApoB counts every atherogenic lipoprotein particle in your blood — LDL, VLDL, IDL, and Lp(a). This guide covers why ApoB outperforms LDL-C for cardiovascular risk, optimal ranges, Australian testing options, and how to interpret discordance between the two markers.
11 min read